Computational problems, Yes, the Solution of computational problems, that can never be solved in a feasible time period by the existing supercomputers is the basic need of a Quantum computer. Quantum Computers use quantum-mechanical phenomena like Superposition and Entanglement to perform computation. Superposition refers to the presence of a quantum particle like an atom or a photon in two states simultaneously, exactly it is not simultaneous but it spins so quickly that it appears to be in both positions at the same time. Entanglement is a physical phenomenon in which a group of quantum particles, interact, share spatial proximity in such a way that their quantum states remain dependent on one other even if they get separated by larger distance. Such particles show wave-like properties, and when frequency and waveform of these particles become identical, they are said to be in Coherence. Coherence is a mandatory condition to perform computing. In a Quantum System, Superposi...
Quantum Computing | Qubit, Basic Structure, Difference with Classical Computers, Applications and More
Computational problems, Yes, the Solution of computational problems, that can never be solved in a feasible time period by the existing supercomputers is the basic need of a Quantum computer.
Quantum Computers use quantum-mechanical phenomena like Superposition and Entanglement to perform computation.
Superposition refers to the presence of a quantum particle like an atom or a photon in two states simultaneously, exactly it is not simultaneous but it spins so quickly that it appears to be in both positions at the same time.
Entanglement is a physical phenomenon in which a group of quantum particles, interact, share spatial proximity in such a way that their quantum states remain dependent on one other even if they get separated by larger distance.
Such particles show wave-like properties, and when frequency and waveform of these particles become identical, they are said to be in Coherence.
Coherence is a mandatory condition to perform computing.
In a Quantum System, Superposition is achieved by using an electromagnetic wave of a certain frequency so that we can control the states of a quantum system progressively.
The property of Superposition is not easy to maintain because the quantum system is extremely sensitive towards light and energy present in its surrounding, even a fractional change in its energy level can cause loss of the state of superposition, such a phenomenon is known as Decoherence.
To maintain the condition of Coherence we need to maintain the temperature of quantum circuits near to absolute zero, to do that we employ Dilution refrigerator.
Avoiding Decoherence is a major challenge to build a Quantum Computer as the greater the decoherence the greater error-prone calculation will be.
The disturbance in the environment of a quantum system is called Noise.
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| Quantum Processing Chip |
Qubit
Computation is performed on data and this data is stored and manipulated in the form of qubits, a qubit can be 0 or 1 or can be a Superposition of 0 and 1, thanks to the uncertainty of a quantum system.
However, when qubits are measured the result of the measurement is always either a 0 or 1, the probabilities of these two outcomes depend on the quantum state that the qubits were in immediately prior to the measurement.
Every computing device has a circuit and so has a quantum computer, called Quantum circuit. These circuits are designed to perform computations by manipulating the qubits using Quantum Logic Gates.
Applications of Quantum Computing
We still don't know how many fields we can apply quantum computers but I believe that quantum computing will be a revolutionary achievement by Human civilization once we could be able to control or remove Decoherence entirely from Quantum systems.
Cryptography
In Public Key Cryptography, most of the security systems rely upon Integer Factorisation or Discrete Logarithm problems to get a secure connection because it is infeasible for a classical computer to calculate prime factors of about 300 digits.
Well, that limit of classical computers is exploited in public-key encryption but this cant limit a quantum computer as it has been proved that using Shor's Algorithm, both integer factorization and discrete log problems can be solved in polynomial time by Quantum Computing.
That means Quantum Computers can easily break into our current systems.
Quantum Search
Quantum searching will be far more faster than the current classical search algorithm.
Quantum Simulation
Quantum systems like atomic structure, molecular structure are impossible to simulate by current supercomputers but to study the emerging and prominent technologies like nanotechnology we require a more detailed study of quantum structures.
Quantum Supremacy
This term was coined by John Preskill to show the advantage of speedup over classical computers.
In October 2019, Sycamore Processor(54 Qubit) with Google AI, developed by Google, reportedly performed a calculation more than 3000000 times as fast as those of Summit, currently considered as the fastest supercomputer (Processing Speed of 200 petaflops) of the world.
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