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Quantum Computing | Qubit, Basic Structure, Difference with Classical Computers, Applications and More

Computational problems, Yes, the Solution of computational problems, that can never be solved in a feasible time period by the existing supercomputers is the basic need of a Quantum computer.  Quantum Computers use quantum-mechanical phenomena like Superposition and Entanglement to perform computation. Superposition refers to the presence of a quantum particle like an atom or a photon in two states simultaneously, exactly it is not simultaneous but it spins so quickly that it appears to be in both positions at the same time. Entanglement is a physical phenomenon in which a group of quantum particles, interact, share spatial proximity in such a way that their quantum states remain dependent on one other even if they get separated by larger distance. Such particles show wave-like properties, and when frequency and waveform of these particles become identical, they are said to be in Coherence. Coherence is a mandatory condition to perform computing. In a Quantum System, Superposi...
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5G Technology | Bands, Millimetre Wave 5G, Beam Steering, Applications

What is 5G?



5G or Fifth Generation technology standard for Mobile Networks enables users to use ultra-high-speed data transmission facility, a peak speed of 20 Gbps with a maximum latency of 4 milliseconds.
5G Cellular Network


Such high-speed data transmission is attained by higher-frequency radio-waves.

The higher frequency radio waves have a shorter range (c = f • λ), so to provide a wide range 5G network requires more number of cells.

5G network technologies operate on bands like
  • Low band 5G (600-700 MHz, a little faster than 4G)
  • Mid band 5G (2.5-3.7 GHz, download speed 100-900 Mbps)
  • High band 5G (25-39 GHz, download speed 1 Gbps)
  • Millimeter Waves 5G (30-300 GHz, download speed 20 Gbps)

How much faster than 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution)

The bandwidth of 4G LTE is 600-700 MHz with a peak speed of 5-12 Mbps while the bandwidth of 5G is 25-300 GHz with a peak speed of 20Gbps

The peak latency of 4G LTE is 20ms while 5G gives us the maximum latency of 4ms in an ideal situation.

So these comparisons clearly show that 5G is much faster than 4G LTE.

How 5G works?

With the advancement in network technology, 5G brings us the ultra-high data transmission speed but the fundamental principle of network technology is the same. i.e, the transmission of data using radio waves except for Mid-Band 5G network (runs on microwave data transmission).

Low-Band 5G 

Uses existing 4G LTE cell towers to provide a little faster data transmission speed.

Mid-Band 5G

Uses Microwaves of 2.5-3.7 GHz for data transmission, provides a good range of several miles per cell tower with download speed ranging between 100-900 Mbps.

High-Band 5G

Uses Radio frequencies in the range of 25-39 GHz.

Millimeter-Wave 5G

Uses Radio frequencies between 30-300 GHz.

Requires many local cells as the frequency range increases, the range decreases so the waves find trouble to pass-through walls. 
5G Cell Antenna on a Tree

To overcome this weakness networks require more cells in denser areas.
5G Cell tower on a Building


5G networks are going to be software-driven instead of using hardware to control signals.


Except using mmWaves these networks use Beam Steering to concentrate the signal beam to smartly identified nodes with the higher requirement of data.


Beam Steering and Beam Switching


Beam Steering
Beam Steering refers to focusing the signal beams to nodes with higher requirements of signals by changing the phase of the input waves.

The requirement of signals is identified using Machine Learning Algorithm driven control Softwares installed in the Antennas.

Beam switching enables the antenna
to switch to the next node.

Applications of 5G

With such a low latency 5G can be used to unlock the potentials which require very low response time like

  • Videoconferencing
  • Remote surgery
  • Internet of Things IoT
  • Virtual Reality technology
  • Cloud-based technology
  • IT and business process automation



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